Testing Template and Amendments for Ensuring Maximum Efficiency

Question: Manage Business Document Design And Development? Answer: Introduction Creation as well as utilization of well-designed documents is one of the cornerstones of modern office along with business environment. It is considered necessary for people to get entry in the world of business in order to have some level of competence in terms of generating documents and forms utilizing common software packages. At present days business, most of the business documents are created as well as maintained electronically utilizing a range of organizational and commercial software packages. Hence, it is important to be familiar with the procedures such as databases, desktop publishing, word processing as well as spreadsheets that are discussed in the present paper. In addition, essential skills for good administrator and the methods used by the organization for printing as well as presenting the documents of business are discussed in the study. Assessment 1 Procedures for automating the information entry, quality of document design, storage, output and production In order to ensure documents like business letters, reports, newsletter, memos and forms, it is required to maintain consistent style and layout (Wasson, 2015). The following design as well as production criteria is generally utilized and to be adhered by the professionals to produce documents. Design and production criteria Maintain proper format in line with brand name of the organization. Set quality standard dictating everything from the language utilized to print size of text Maintain effective content protection by specification of formatting as well as inclusion of legal notices and statements Comply with ethical principles, anti-discrimination legislation and privacy laws Creation of achieve protocol and consisting of version control for document retrieval On the other hand, specification of designing the format can be explained as followed. Size and location of logo of the organization. Example: top right of document and 4*3 cm. A proper subject line The type and size of the font Justification of the text Size of heading and subheadings The utilization of white space Laguna and Marklund (2013) stated that there are several aspects for considering at the time of storing documents. Documents need to be stored as template on central server of the organization. In addition, it is important to ensure the file paths structured logically as well as encounter requirements of the organization. Output is the format, which is needed by the organization. Some of the organizations need that clients retrieve information and notification in a particular format. For an instance, clients need to be informed by letter as email in order to encounter legal needs. Present and future information technology capability Conducting detailed investigation of the companys present as well as future technology needs impact on the production of documents procedure. There are two separate cafes in the organization. Main site of the production is generated and delivered to smaller site. Majority of the email has capabilities from PC (Cassidy, 2016). Information technology requirements have major changes that need to enhance the communication between sites as well as running the sites. Types of documents Pollock, Wick and Jefferson (2015) mentioned that mail merger letter has several requirements like several addresses, fill-in the area for free-flow of the texts, formatted text, embedded graphics and linking the texts from different documents. On the other hand, business email requirements are formatted text, embedded graphics or text, link-in text from different documents. The prescribed font styles along with formatting and address book is included in this. Spreadsheets have replaced by paper based calculations of accounting in the organization. The powerful software program can be utilized through providing address of the customers. Documentation standards and design tasks The documentations are generally varied in every organization. Software functions can be highly useful. Letter templates are required by most of the organizations. On contrary, managers of the organization seek to get information regarding function. The developer tools allow developing sophisticated programs within the application of software. Signature protection detects if the users have reviewed as well as approved the document. The form fields have limits of requirements for data entry and verify the data entry. However, merge criteria defines the criteria for merging the documents and avoids duplication of documentation. Standard formats and templates suitable requirements of the organization Style guides processes as well as templates that are complement to each other in production of document. A style can guide and manually describes the proper utilization of style as well as paragraph settings and terminology to be used and has desired for spelling, grammar along with punctuation and the process of covering presentation of the document. It is important to check whether there is information on copyright (Lhe Legner, 2014). In addition, anti-virus, may be an issue during running of the macros. Document templates improves readability and appearance It is important to meet the standards as well as designs tasks for the audience and information needs of each document. The documents need to be protected from the unauthorized access and need to be utilized for protecting the sections of document from altering through general users. It also allows the data entry in the unprotected cells within the spreadsheet. The sections breaks allow distinctive styles to be utilized with various sections. Chang (2016) asserted that there are scopes for providing extra information regarding elements of the document and additional information to the users of templates. However, it is required to conceal during printing of the letters. The reference file names require changing with the file names. On the other hand, there may be version conflict with older ones. Feedback of the users is helpful to understand the change and make amendments essential for having maximum efficiency as well as quality of presentation. Complex technical aspects of software It is important to evaluate complicated technical functions of software in order automate the aspects of standard document production. The needs of particular documents have changed in broader external changes that can affect validity as well as currency of macro. The changes in the organization like change of name, address as well as trading names need to be included in this process. However, changes in the billing and invoices methods along with other difficulties may arise from the anti-virus software at the time of running macros. Match requirements of the document with software functions In document presentation of an organization, it is required to match the requirements with the software functions. The company requires detecting the documents and it development process along with functions of software (Vincent, Li Blandford, 2014). For an example, it is required to check whether the printer has adequate capability for printing quality images. In addition, checking of accessing digital camera inside the organization and copying the documents to DVD for storage purposes need to be checked by the company. Testing of macros Laguna and Marklund (2013) stated that the running of anti-virus application need not to generate issues as there is several clicks performing to accept the macros. These are duplicated on the workstation running the macro. Use of different software is utilizing no applications of anti-virus. Therefore, it is required to define the macros on the computers that are running no antivirus. In addition, it is important to test the macros in order to encounter the needs of every document according to the standard of document. Davenport (2013) commented that essential skills for good office administrator in terms of business documentation are required to identify in the case scenario. Administrative skills are associated with running business as well as keeping the office in the organized way. The skills are required for variety of tasks that has ranges from office assistants to the secretary office managers. On the other hand, being an administrator, it is important to make proper documentation of business. In this skill, it is required to have effective communication skill that helps coordinate with the members of the organization. However, it is required to have computing skill, use of several documentation software, planning, and problem solving skill as well as accuracy are required for developing business Effective use of methods for printing and presenting business documents give competitive advantage. Printings as well as presenting documents of business are vital aspects of a business organization (Caetano et al. 2016). It generally comes with effective delivery of business messages. Hence, using correct methods can enhance understanding as well as assist to get motivation. In present business organization, printer is used for printing brochures, fliers, catalogs, reports as well as letters. On the other hand, in order to present the documentation, the company follows power point presentation software. In addition, charts and graphs provide visual pop to the numbers of presenting. Methods used by others would be helpful to adopt better method in future. After talking to friend, relative and teacher, it is known that they use printer for the purposes of printing their documents. Trkman (2013) commented that there are several types of printers available such as dot-matrix printers, daisy-wheel printers, line printers, ink-jet printer and laser printer. Out of these, ink-jet printers are used by them. Standing in front of group as well as speaking is a difficult task to achieve (Lehoux et al. 2014). Hence, it is important to use effective methods for presenting the documents. Charts and graphs are presented by them using Microsoft excel. However, presentation is achieved by them using projector. It helps to get in touch of various people and present ideas and documentation to them. It is important to identify the mistakes done by Monica. In order to modify the documents in a variety of software applications, Monica opened them at a time. She started to working on them. However, she left the applications. Hence, running all applications at a time may slow the processing speed of the organization. In addition, as the three applications were running at a time, the RAM of the system became block and display banks screen and went blank. Hence, it was required to back up the data after a short interval of time or enabling automatic back up feature of Microsoft word in order to avoid such unwanted situations. On contrary, CD writes drive, zip drive is useful for backing up data from computer. It is vital to identify the work practices that generate errors and damage in works as well. In the present case scenario Monica needs to more aware in terms of making documentation. On the other hand, it is required to take essential steps such as formation of effective planning and achieve work according to that. Monica needs to back up data in regular interval. USB drive is one of the useful mediums for taking back up of data. In addition, using software applications effectively according to the guidelines can be helpful to Monica to modify the applications properly. Anti-virus can be useful for Monica to prevent unwanted break down of the system. In the present case scenario, Monica faced unwanted breakdown of the system. As she opens three applications at a while, the system became slower than usually it runs. Hence, it is required to take actions that would prevent the situation. As consequences of this situation, the applications were suddenly closed along with breakdown of the system. In addition, Monica was unable to modify the documents and recover the data as well. In order to solve the issue, she needs to make proper planning and use the application one by one. Along with these, it is required to take back up of data while modifying the tasks in different software applications. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that producing business document is one of the important aspects for an organization in order to develop effective result. In this aspect, use of proper technology and software application acts an important role for the particular organization. In addition, selection of layout as well as style of publication ensure consistency in effective development of the design and make documentation. Clarification of format as well as style would be enhanced with the help of this process. References Caetano, A., Silva, A. R., Tribolet, J., Neves, J., Sinogas, P. (2016, June). The Modify Project: Combined Business and System Modeling for Adaptable Enterprise Computing System Design. InAtas da Conferncia da Associao Portuguesa de Sistemas de Informao(Vol. 1, No. 1). Cassidy, A. (2016).A practical guide to information systems strategic planning. CRC press. Chang, J. F. (2016).Business process management systems: strategy and implementation. CRC Press. Davenport, T. H. (2013).Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. Laguna, M., Marklund, J. (2013).Business process modeling, simulation and design. CRC Press. Lehoux, P., Daudelin, G., Williams-Jones, B., Denis, J. L., Longo, C. (2014). How do business model and health technology design influence each other? Insights from a longitudinal case study of three academic spin-offs.Research Policy,43(6), 1025-1038. Lhe, J., Legner, C. (2014). Overcoming implementation challenges in enterprise architecture management: a design theory for architecture-driven IT Management (ADRIMA).Information Systems and e-Business Management,12(1), 101-137. Pollock, R. V., Wick, C. W., Jefferson, A. (2015).The six disciplines of breakthrough learning: How to turn training and development into business results. John Wiley Sons. Trkman, P. (2013). Increasing process orientation with business process management: Critical practices.International Journal of Information Management,33(1), 48-60. Vincent, C. J., Li, Y., Blandford, A. (2014). Integration of human factors and ergonomics during medical device design and development: It's all about communication.Applied ergonomics,45(3), 413-419. Wasson, C. S. (2015).System Engineering Analysis, Design, and Development: Concepts, Principles, and Practices. John Wiley Sons

The Hunger Games VS Divergent Essay Example

The Hunger Games VS Divergent Essay The Hunger Games vs. Divergent Books have an important influence in our life. They teach us something, they help us imagine and they help us create our own world so we can do whatever we what with it. Nowadays, teens have entered the world of reading. They read more than they used to but why? The answer its easy. They read because there are some writers that help them enter a whole new world and experience with it. Two of the most famous writers for teens are Suzanne Collins for The Hunger Games Trilogy and Veronica Roth with Divergent Series. Both authors have had a big influence in teens. They make them stay up late the whole night Just to read their books. They have made fanfold (tributes and initiates) that are now a family. They have influence many young people to write (fan fictions). Suzanne Collins still has a big accomplish. She has made her book Jump into the screen with The Hunger Games Saga, which premiered November 24th, 2012; Catching Fire, on screen November 13th and Mockingly Part I debuting November 12th. People stay out late for the movies (like I did) Just to be the first ones to see it and for them, that is the best thing In the world. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunger Games VS Divergent specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunger Games VS Divergent specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunger Games VS Divergent specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The worlds perfect couple is shown there, portrayed by Jennifer Lawrence and Josh Hutchinson (Every girls heartthrob). The story is setup In a dyspepsia world In which the districts need to choose one boy and one girl to fight between 23 tributes to win wealth and greatness upon the capitol, not knowing the consequences of the victory. In this process, Catkins and PETA develop love for each other, even though Catkins denies it most of the time till he Is held capture. Veronica Roth has been known for being a great author at the age of 22 and the youngest author to have his book turn onto a movie. The Divergent Series have been a great hit. First of all because of the actors they used. We can see Challenge Woodlot representing Beatrice Trills Prior and her love Interest Tibias Four Eaton portrayed by Thee James. This story basically is the life of a young girl that doesnt want to be controlled by her faction rules or anybody. She then meets Four as her Instructor, not knowing his real name. Through the story, we can see their love growing till we reach the lass Installment of the book called Allegiant. The lass book of the series comes out with urns nobody saw through the whole trilogy, leaving fans wanting for more. Fans compare these books to be similar, while others think they are not. Each writer has her own style of writing and nobody will ever write Like they do, these achievements have made more unknown authors to reach for sources to present their projects. Teens now have a way to do something fun In a safe way The Hunger Games VS. Divergent By dangerous Mockingly Part l debuting November 12th. People stay out late for the movies (like I did) Just to be the first ones to see it and for them, that is the best thing in the world. Hutchinson (Every girls heartthrob). The story is setup in a dyspepsia world in which denies it most of the time till he is held capture. Veronica Roth has been known for actors they used. We can see Sailplane Woodlot representing Beatrice Tries Prior and her love interest Tibias Four Eaton portrayed by Thee James. This story rules or anybody. She then meets Four as her instructor, not knowing his real installment of the book called Allegiant. The lass book of the series comes out with her own style of writing and nobody will ever write like they do, these achievements Teens now have a way to do something fun in a safe way

False Advertising

False Advertising Free Online Research Papers False advertising is defined as untrue or misleading information given to you to get you to buy something, or to come visit their store. Those who make and sell products must honestly present their products, services and prices to you. Here are common examples of false advertising. Bait and Switch: Bait and switch is a tactic sellers use to get you to buy an upgrade of the original product on sale. Here’s how it works. A store will advertise a product for a low price with no intention of selling it. When you show up they will tell you how bad the advertised item is, and how the more expensive item is much better. So the store â€Å"baits† you with a sale item to get you to go to their store. Then their salespeople â€Å"switch† the item by convincing you to get the better model that isn’t on sale. Sale Items are gone when I get there: Stores are required to have enough of an advertised item in stock to meet a reasonable customer demand. Having just a few of a popular item may indicate the store used the advertisement to get you to come to the store and never intended to honor the sales price. Report stores that are constantly out of sale items. Stores do not have to issue rain checks. Usually a store will give you a rain check to build good customer relations. However, rain checks can also be a gimmick to get you to visit their store again. Sometimes, you end up visiting the store several times before you can use your rain check. How many can I buy? Stores cannot limit how many of an advertised item you can buy unless the advertisement clearly states the limit. For example â€Å"limited one per customer† is okay as long as it is in the advertisement and not something you find out when you get to the store. Pictures: If the advertisement contains a picture, it must be a reasonable representation of the item on sale. Can I Buy Just One? The advertisement must tell you if you have to buy something in package quantities to get the discount. Otherwise you can buy the item individually. For example, a store can’t advertise a pen for $1 and then tell you the sale only applies if you buy the pen in a package of 12 for $12. The advertisement must clearly tell you how many are in the package and the total package cost. If the store advertises 3 items for $6, and the items are packaged individually, you can buy 1 for $2. You don’t need to buy 3 to get the sale price. New or Used? The advertisement must tell you if the item is refurbished or used. Best Price in Town? Just because an item is on sale does not mean you can’t find it cheaper elsewhere. Also, just because an item is advertised doesn’t mean its on sale. For the best price in town, you need to shop around. Sale Price or Regular Price? To be â€Å"on sale† the item must have had a higher former price within the last three months. If an item is always on sale then it’s false advertising. Which one is on sale? If a store carries similar models, the advertisement must clearly state which one is on sale. If they say it will do it, it should do it. If the advertisement says a product can do something, it must be able to do it. For example, if a manufacturer advertises that their product can cure cancer, then it must be able to cure cancer. The next time you’re at the grocery store, look in their vitamins section. Most dietary supplements won’t tell you what the product does unless they can find evidence to support it. Now through Saturday only $1.99: If the regular price is $1.99, then this advertisement while true is misleading and against the law. Going out of business sale: If a company says they are going out of business, liquidating, or quitting, they must intend to go out of business. Beware of signs that say, â€Å"Going Out For Business.† That’s not the same as going out of business and it’s misleading. But first you must buy†¦ If you need to buy something to get the sale price on another item, the advertisement must tell you this. Example, if you need to buy a TV for over $1000 to get the VCR for $10, they need to tell you this in the ad. Assembly required: The outside of the package must indicate if a children’s toy needs to be assembled. Made in USA: If it says â€Å"Made in USA† then no part of it can be made outside the USA. Earth friendly: If a store claims an item is biodegradable, or environmentally friendly, they must provide supporting information upon request. Research Papers on False AdvertisingInternational PaperA Marketing Analysis of the Fast-Food RestaurantHenderson the Rain KingGene One the Transition from Private to PublicGap Analysis: Lester ElectronicsCash or Card?Emmett Till BiographyDefinition of Export QuotasAmerican Central Banking and OilProject Management 101

How to Register to Vote in U.S. Elections

How to Register to Vote in U.S. Elections Registering to vote is required in order to cast ballots in elections in all states except North Dakota. Under Articles I and II of the U.S.  Constitution, the manner in which federal and state elections are conducted are determined by the states. Since each state sets its own election procedures and regulations – such as voter identification laws – it is important to contact your state or local elections office to learn your state’s specific election rules. How to Vote With the exception of state-specific rules, the basic steps to voting are the same almost everywhere.Voter registration is required in every state except North Dakota.Every state allows absentee voting.Most states assign voters to vote at specific polling places or voting locations.The U.S. Election Assistance Commission lists federal election dates and deadlines by state. Who Cannot Vote? The right to vote is not universal. Some people, depending on their circumstances and state laws, will not be allowed to vote. Non-citizens, including permanent legal residents (green card holders), are not allowed to vote in any state.Some people who have been convicted of felonies cannot vote. These rules may vary by state.In some states, persons who have been legally declared mentally incapacitated cannot vote. What is Voter Registration? Voter registration is the process used by the government to ensure that everyone who votes in an election is legally eligible to do so, votes in the correct location and only votes once. Registering to vote requires that you give your correct name, current address and other information to the government office that runs elections where you live. It might be a county or state or city office. Why is Registering to Vote Important? When you register to vote, the elections office will look at your address and determine which voting district you will vote in. Voting in the right place is important because who you get to vote for depends on where you live. For example, if you live on one street, you may have one set of candidates for city council; if you live the next block over, you may be in a different council ward and be voting for completely different people. Usually, the people in a voting district (or precinct) all go to vote in the same location. Most voting districts are fairly small, though in rural areas a district can stretch for miles. Whenever you move, you should register or re-register to vote in order to make sure you always vote in the right place. Who Can Register to Vote? To register in any state, you need to be a U.S. citizen, 18 or older by the next election, and a resident of the state. Most, but not all, states have two other rules as well: 1) you cant be a felon (someone who has committed a serious crime), and 2) you cant be mentally incompetent. In a few places, you can vote in local elections even if you are not a U.S. citizen. To check the rules for your state, call your state or local elections office. College Students: College students who live away from their parents or hometown can usually register legally in either place. Where Can You Register to Vote? Since elections are run by states, cities, and counties, the rules on registering to vote are not the same everywhere. But there are some rules that apply everywhere: for example, under the Motor Voter law, motor vehicle offices across the United States must offer voter registration application forms. Other places required the National Voter Registration Act to offer voter registration forms and assistance include: state or local government offices such as public libraries, public schools, offices of city and county clerks (including marriage license bureaus), fishing and hunting license bureaus, government revenue (tax) offices, unemployment compensation offices, and government offices that provide services to persons with disabilities. You can also register to vote by mail. You can call your local elections office, and ask them to send you a voter registration application in the mail. Just fill it out and send it back. Election offices are usually listed in the phone book in the government pages section. It may be listed under elections, the board of elections, supervisor of elections, or city, county or township clerk, registrar or auditor. Especially when elections are coming up, the political parties set up voter registration stations at public places like a shopping mall and college campuses. They may try to get you to register as a member of their political party, but you dont have to do so in order to register. NOTE: Filling out the voter registration form does not mean that you are actually registered to vote. Sometimes application forms get lost, or people dont fill them out correctly, or other mistakes happen. If in a few weeks you have not received a card from the elections office telling you that you are registered, give them a call. If theres a problem, ask them to send you a new registration form, fill it out carefully and mail it back. The Voter Registration card you receive will probably tell you exactly where you should go to vote. Keep your Voter Registration card in a safe place, its important. What Information Will You Have to Provide? While voter registration application forms will vary depending on your state, county or city, they will always ask for your name, address, date of birth and status of U.S. citizenship. You also have to give your drivers license number, if you have one, or the last four digits of your Social Security number. If you dont have either a drivers license or a Social Security number, the state will assign you a voter identification number. These numbers are to help the state keep track of voters. Check the form carefully, including the back, to see the rules for the place where you live. Party Affiliation: Most registration forms will ask you for a choice of political party affiliation. If you wish to do so, you can register as a member of any political party, including Republican, Democrat or any third party, like Green, Libertarian or Reform. You can also choose to register as independent or no party. Be aware that in some states, if you dont select a party affiliation when you register, you will not be allowed to vote in that partys primary elections. Even if you do not select a political party and do not vote in any party primary elections, you will be allowed to vote in the general election for any candidate. When Should You Register? In most states, you need to register at least 30 days before Election Day. In Connecticut, you can register up until 14 days before an election, in Alabama 10 days. Federal law says that you cant be required to register more than 30 days before the election. Details on registration deadlines in each state can be found on the U.S. Election Assistance Commission Web site. Six states have same-day registration - Idaho, Maine, Minnesota, New Hampshire, Wisconsin and Wyoming. You can go to the polling place, register and vote at the same time. You should bring some identification and proof of where you live. In North Dakota, you can vote without registering. Parts of this article are excerpted from the public domain document I Registered, Did You? distributed by the League of Women Voters.

European Union Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

European Union Law - Case Study Example Hauptzollamt Saarlouis [1966] relied on in Van Duyn v Home Office [1974]. Therefore since Mark works for a Council this can be construed as an emanation of the State (specifically Costanzo [1989] ECR 1839) and it is submitted that the phrase in the Directive "the use of chlorine cleaning agents in swimming pools is prohibited" meets all the criteria for the Directive to be directly applicable. However this is not true for Sunita. The swimming pool is a private company, and she is a user of the pool. Under the 'direct effect' provisions, she would have no redress as she wishes to sue an individual rather than the State or an emanation of the State. As seen in the following case, the Court of Justice does not allow the direct horizontal enforcement of Directives. In Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching) [1986] Helen Marshall sought to sue a health authority for retirement age discrimination under the Equal Treatment Directive 1976. The Court of Justice held that there was no 'horizontal effect' to a Directive where a government had failed to implement a Directive. Helen Marshall could not sue the Health Authority in these circumstances. If the employer is not the State or an emanation of the State th... If the employer is not the State or an emanation of the State then the Court of Justice allows the national court to look at indirect effect. In the absence of domestic legislation being in place, national courts are empowered by the Court of Justice to enforce the provisions of the Directive in order to ensure that the aim of the Directive is carried out. In this case the aim of the Directive is to prohibit the use of chlorine in all swimming pools throughout Member States. The national court would therefore be called upon to make the use of chlorine cleaning agents unlawful in the UK and sanction the transgressors accordingly, providing remedies under standard contractual law within the precedents currently relied upon by national courts. In Von Coulson and Kamann v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen [1984] 2 female applicants successfully sued prison administrators for sexual discrimination when 2 posts advertised for social workers went to males. The question before the court was whether the Equal Treatment Directive 1976 specifically required that discrimination be remedied by the appointment of the complainant to the post. The Court of Justice said no, but that it did require the national law to provide an adequate and effective remedy: "national courts are required to interpret their national law in the light of the wording and the purpose of the Directive in order to achieve the result referred to in the third paragraph of Article [249]." 2 An advantage of this approach is that unlike direct effect the provisions in question do not have to be clear, precise, unconditional and require no further implementation. Hence Van Coulson was able to indirectly rely on the provision against a State employer. We are specifically told that the only

Wireless systems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Wireless systems - Research Paper Example In last couples of decade’s wireless communications, systems along with their applications and underlying technologies are among the most active area of development and enjoy the fastest growth in history. The rapid development in this regards has turned the world into a global village (Prassad, and Ruggieri 2). Basic Building Blocks/Components of Wireless Systems Since wireless communication involves number of technologies and their applications hence similar to wired communication there exist a wide range of equipment’s (both at transmitter and receiver ends) to execute communication task by propagating light or radio waves through a medium. However in border sense a wireless system consists of following primary network components. a) Users- The users of a wireless system can be anything including human beings. The users can be mobile or stationary. The basic function of a user is to initiate and terminate the use of a wireless network, making the term end-user approp riate. b) Client- The second major primary component of a wireless network is a computer device designed according to specific need, generally termed as a client. A client works on certain operating systems like as Windows XP, LINUX, or MAC OS etc. Similar to a user a client can be mobile or stationary. For mobile support applications, client devices are generally small and handy (fig.1) with display and keyboard along with a battery power backup (Geier 37). Fig.1 Wireless Devices c) Network Interface Card- Network interface card (NIC) provides an interface between a network device and a wireless network. Depending on requirements, NIC can be a part of a client or as external network adaptor as shown in fig.2. Wireless NICs are designed to meet certain form factors like Industry-Standard Architecture (ISA), Fig. 2 NICs Peripheral Component certain form factors like Industry-Standard Architecture (ISA), Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) and PC Card etc. These factors actually d efine the physical and electrical bus interface that enables the card to act as a bridge to carry communication between a computer device and wireless network (Geier 38). d) Medium- A wireless system uses a medium like air to propagate its signals (radio or light waves) from sender to receiver. Various modulation schemes like amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM) are used to propagate the signal over long distances (Kennedy, and Davis 3). Wireless Systems The development of various wireless systems is a wide area of present day research. Following is a brief overview of current wireless systems. a) Cellular- Cellular wireless communication comprising 1G (AMPS, IS-41, ETACS) 2G (USDC-IS136, GSM, CDMA-IS-95), 2.5G (CDPD, GPRS, EDGE, CDMA1-IS-95B), 3G (TDS-CDMA, CDMA2000 1X, 2X) and futuristically the 4G networks is the major contributor of wireless cellular systems (Li 19). b) Private Mobile Radio- The private mobile radio (PMR) is another impo rtant category of wireless systems. Analog, digital, mesh and emerging technologies including cognitive radio and software defined radio (SDR) are important categories of private mobile wireless

Attitudes Towards Jewish Migration to Australia in the 1930s Essay Example for Free

Attitudes Towards Jewish Migration to Australia in the 1930s Essay Describe and account for attitudes towards Jewish migration to Australia in the 1930s (distinguishing between political and public attitudes). Did Australian policy towards Jewish refugees change significantly during and after war from what had prevailed in the 1930s? How would you explain the policy continuity or change? Throughout the 20th Century, the policy adopted by Australia towards Jewish migration can best be described as one of restriction and limitation. Australian political and public attitudes during the 1930s were influenced by fears of the Jewish community’s inability to assimilate into Australian culture, the threat that they may have posed on job security and standards of living as well as the potential for their arrival to stimulate extreme anti-Semitism problems within Australia. The outbreak of war and the publication of Jewish persecution in Europe did little to alter the feelings of insecurity towards Jewish communities in Australia. While there were some attempts to increase the arrival of Jewish people after World War II, the sentiment of the majority of the Australian population remained unchanged and restrictions on immigration were still enforced. This theme of underlying racial prejudice continued to shape Australian policy throughout this entire period. During the 1930s, it is evident that the Coalition Government, comprised of the United Australia Party and Australian Country Party, made attempts to restrict the immigration of Jews into the country. First and foremost, the recent Australian struggle through the Depression meant that the Government was intent on protecting the job security and living standards of the Australian populace. The migration of any foreign immigrants was therefore unpopular due to the threats it placed on the Australian worker. This policy became an excuse for limiting the number of Jewish refugees accepted into Australia and resulted in an increase of the amount of landing money required to five hundred pounds for alien immigrants. This requirement was difficult for the majority of Jewish refugees to satisfy, making their entry into Australia virtually impossible. This policy remained in place until 1936 when the amount required was reduced to two hundred pounds or fifty pounds with a guarantor. Due to the poor economic conditions that had been experienced in Australia throughout the 1930s, the Government was reluctant to increase Jewish migration when so many of the migrants were impoverished, meaning that they would place a further strain on the Australian economy. The Government was also reluctant to permit the entry of a significant number of Jewish refugees due to the belief of their inability to assimilate into Australian society compared with some other cultures. The Government believed that the Jews were a separate race due to their distinctly different religious beliefs and customs and that this would significantly inhibit their assimilation into the Australian population. Australia’s political attitude towards Jewish migration was made clear at the Evian Conference, a meeting for the discussion of Jewish refugees, in June 1938. Australia realised the importance of attending the meeting so as not to gain a bad reputation, however the outcome showed that the Government was unwilling to increase the number of Jewish immigrants into the country. At this international meeting, the Australian representative Colonel T. W. White stressed the idea that Australia did not suffer from internal racial problems and its desire to maintain these peaceful conditions meant that allowing ‘undesirable’ migrants into the country was not an option. Colonel White also made it clear that the Australian Government felt that as a young nation, the importance of maintaining a strong connection with its Anglo-Saxon roots was vital for the growth of the Australian population. At the conference, the nations present most often put forward the case that they had already done what they felt was enough in response to the refugee crisis without undermining the standards of living within their own countries. It was felt however, that due to the vast amounts of free space and low population compared to some other nations, Australia should take a greater role in accepting refugees as the economy would not be as degraded and these refugees had the potential to provide workers needed in primary and secondary industries. Despite the prevalence of this resistance to Jewish migration, it is evident that there was at least one politician who pushed for the Australian Government to accept more refugees. Stanley Bruce, a former Australian Prime Minister who moved to London and became the Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom was well known on an international platform due to his appearance at numerous world conferences and meetings as an Australian representative. He pressed for Australia to take a more humanitarian approach to the issue of refugee migration, especially after the Kristallnacht in Germany and Austria in November 1938. He appealed for the Government to increase its quota to 0,000 refugees over a three year period, thereby doubling the 15,000 quota suggested by the Australian Government. With a large increase in the number of applications being made to Australia House for entry into Australia after the Kristallnacht, this number seemed reasonable to Bruce. Instead it was decided in December of 1938 that Australia would accept 15,000 refugees over three years. In comparison with the number of refugees that had been accepted over the past five years, this was a significant increase, however not enough to satisfy the humanitarian plight of Bruce. It is also evident that this quota was never reached as the outbreak of war in 1939 saw the termination of immigration and by this time only 7-8,000 refugees had been accepted into the country. While the Government was developing its policy regarding migration during the 1930s, politicians were under a significant amount of pressure from the Australian public to limit the growth of the Jewish population in Australia. Interestingly, this sentiment was felt from groups in both non-Jewish and Jewish communities in Australia. The Australian Jewish community were opposed to the large influx of Eastern European Jews due to the difference in language spoken which they felt would make it difficult for them to assimilate easily into Australian society with the help of the already established Jewish community. Another fear was that due to the impoverished state of the Jewish refugees, the Australian Jewish community would be burdened by the arrival of the poor refugees and thus their status within society would be diminished. It was also hard to convince the majority of the Australian populace of the benefits of a large migrant intake. It is evident that many Australians felt that the Jewish population would undermine the standards of living as well as pose threats to the security of their jobs, a prominent issue after the hardship of the Depression. There was belief that the Jews were far too distinguishable from the normal ‘Australian way of life’ through the way they dressed, their general behaviour and their religious customs. This sentiment was particularly strong amongst religious groups within Australia. For example a particular Anglican group felt that the Jewish community should not be welcomed on a large scale as their beliefs would challenge the traditional Christian teachings of many Australians. It was also feared that the establishment of a larger Jewish community in Australia may lead to the development of a strong anti-Semitic . movement within Australia. The Australian community was aware of the problems this had created in other nations and was fearful that the same problem would face Australians. Therefore, the preference of the public was for the migration of smaller numbers of Jews, as it was felt they could be more easily assimilated into Australian culture this way. The public resistance to migration was further evinced by the fact that members of the public made requests to the Government to create specific application requirements and toughen selection procedures in order to restrict the numbers of migrants who were able to meet these requirements. Throughout this period Australians were unaware of the atrocities that were to follow during the war period and so their priorities lay with the protection of the economy, maintaining standards of living and ensuring peaceful relations between members of society. Despite this widespread public sentiment, there was some pressure from the media to increase Jewish migration for humanitarian reasons. The Sydney Morning Herald and the West Australian both stressed the need to make a larger contribution to the refugee problem and expressed that Australia was in fact not doing enough to assist the refugees. It is also evident that within some professions, there was encouragement of refugee migration, for example some architects in New South Wales welcomed the arrival of Jewish migrants with an architectural background as they had the potential to bring with them new ideas and thus add to the cultural identity of Australia. However, such opinions were in the minority and there is increasing evidence that the majority of Australians, along with their political counterparts, were sceptical of the Jewish arrival and wished for only particular migrants to be allowed into the country that were non-intrusive and therefore able to assimilate easily. While Jewish migrants that entered Australia during the 1930s did their best to quickly assimilate into Australian society, the outbreak of war in 1939 prevented this from occurring as once more Jewish migrants were seen as aliens who threatened the security of Australia. Throughout the first few months of the war, newspapers around Australia detailed some of the atrocities occurring in Europe against the Jewish population. However by 1940 the large publication of this murderous activity had declined significantly. While the papers still published stories about the treatment of Jews in Europe, the Australian public was largely unaware of the extent of the persecution. With the world at war, Australians were fearful of people who had previous ties with Germany and the Nazis and therefore refugees were termed ‘enemy aliens’. In Britain this led to harsh internment policies of these potential spies, however in Australia the internment policy was more relaxed. It is evident however that even if the refugees were not interned during the war period they were often treated with hostility by other Australians. Jewish communities in Australia also had to deal with frequent police checks and restraints on their freedoms, such as the ability to own a radio. There is evidence to suggest that post-war attitudes to Jewish persons in Australia in many respects mirrored those of the pre-war years. After the direct attack on the Australian mainland during the second half of World War II, Australian Government policy was directed towards increasing the population so as not to leave the vast unoccupied lands in Northern Australia unprotected. For the first time, Australia began to look further than Britain for prospective migrants, although it is apparent that regardless of this, Jewish migration was still looked upon unfavourably. After World War II, both of the major political parties shared a similar view in relation to Jewish migration; that the emphasis should be placed on the arrival of British migrations in preference to any others. The newly appointed Minister for Immigration, Arthur Calwell’s policy in the early post-war years implied a restriction on Jewish migration. While he had introduced a family reunion scheme in which 2,000 survivors of the Holocaust could be united with family in Australia, this only lasted for a period of twelve months, after which time limitations on Jewish migration were increased. One such example was the limitation of the number of Jewish migrants per ship arriving in Australia to 25% of the total number of people travelling on the ship. The Liberal party policy under the Opposition leader Robert Menzies followed along the same lines as the pre-war policy in that Jewish migration should be kept at a minimum due to the potential for extreme anti-Semitism to develop in Australia and the impact that the migrants may have on Australian standards of living. Under the direction of Calwell, migrants were accepted through the Displaced Persons Scheme. Under this scheme there were 34,890 arrivals into Australia in 1946, of which only 187 were Jews. Of these 187 Jewish arrivals, only 156 were permanent migrants. This is an incredibly low number given the large number of Jewish people that would have been seeking respite after the end of the Holocaust in Europe. A statement regarding the migrant intake in 1946 by Calwell expressed his feelings that the Australian Government had done all that it could at the present time to assist with the post-war refugee problem. He also expressed that the Government was only able to accept refugees that already had family living in Australia with whom they could settle with due to the housing shortage being experienced at the time. The post war attitude of the Australian public towards Jewish migration attitude was also reminiscent of the 1930s period. Australians had developed a fear of foreigners after their close encounter with the Japanese during the second half of World War II. This insecurity led them to believe that Jewish migrants would smuggle opium into the country. The Jews were also criticised for their preference to establish communities within the city as opposed to rural areas where Australians thought migrants would make a more significant contribution to the development of the nation. There were numerous newspapers and magazines which circulated negative opinions towards the post-war migration of Jewish persons to Australia. For example an excerpt from the Bulletin in August 1946 detailed the feelings of many Australians at this time that Jewish migrants should be some of the last ethnic groups considered due to the tendency for them to form ghettoes and compete with Australians for jobs. One public attitude that did change was that of the Australian Jewish community. Instead of looking towards the Jewish refugees as a threat to their social status, after the horrors of the Holocaust, many people were keen to provide as much assistance as possible to the survivors. Therefore the Australian Jewish community were supportive of the Government’s family reunion programme and the seemingly humanitarian plight of Arthur Calwell at this time. Under increasing pressure from the public and other members of Government, Arthur Calwell’s humanitarian position on Jewish migration was changed to restrict Jewish immigration. From 1947 onwards the refugee immigration program ceased to exist and so the ability to migrate to Australia was determined by the suitability of the person for employment in Australia. This change in policy made it increasingly difficult for Jewish people to migrate to Australia as Peter Witting found when he and his family applied to leave Shanghai for Australia in 1947. It is also evident that the Australian Government made false claims that acceptance decisions were made without racial prejudice when the selection committee of the International Refugee Organisation in Australia were secretly told to select only migrants of Baltic background, thereby excluding Jews once again. Overall, it can be seen that Australia’s attitudes towards Jewish migration followed a similar pattern from the 1930s through to the immediate post-war years. The underlying feelings of Australians throughout this period were of anxiety, apprehension and hostility which ultimately impacted on the attitude of Australia towards migrants. The restrictions placed on migration in the 1930s via the quota system and high landing permit costs through to the opinions displayed at the Evian Conference portrayed an image that suggested an Australian fear of Jewish people. These feelings were motivated by the fear of the rise of anti-Semitism in Australia and threats to the security of Australian jobs and standard of living that the public and government believed Jewish migration would pose. These tensions remained during the war when the Government placed restrictions on the freedoms of Jewish people, who were considered a threat to the security of Australia. During the post-war period, despite the fact that there was some effort to increase the numbers of Jewish people entering Australia through Government policy and the support of the Jewish Welfare Society in Australia, the Australian public remained sceptical of the arrivals and the effects they would have on society. The further restrictions placed on Jewish migration after 1946 indicates that minimal changes to political and public opinion were evident over time and that racial prejudice against Jewish migrants still existed after the events of World War II.