The Real History Behind Rome Julius Caesar Essay - 815 Words

Rome, the subject of this report is Rome. The (completely wacko made-up) legend says that Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus, the twin sons of Mars, the god of war. Supposedly some king tossed them into a basket, chucked them into the Tiber River, and left them to die a good old-fashioned baby-river-drowning-death. Apparently this never happened because they were rescued by a she-wolf and raised as one of her own. Eventually Romulus and Remus decided to ice that king and overthrow the kingdom that the king kinged. Then Romulus killed Remus, named the kingdom Rome, and they lived happily ever after. As engaging as the legend is, the real history behind Rome is much more boring. Stick around, folks. Rome started off as yet another†¦show more content†¦Not only did Rome innovate the aqueduct, but also the use of concrete! Rome’s special use of concrete enabled them to build structures that still stand today. Roman concrete was mixed to withstand chemical erosion, allowing it to withstand the water used for those pansy fountains and baths. Of course the concrete was also used for large fancy buildings such as the pantheon and coliseums etcetera, etcetera. Roman architecture is another innovation that unfortunately fell into the pit of shamelessly copied/influenced modern architecture. With all the news of architecture and the inevitable amounts of war and corruption among society, it’s only natural that Rome innovates the newspaper. The newspaper became an integral part of Roman society, because they had a lot going on, apparently. They mostly just used the papers to report on invasions and politicians for the public to be reminded how boring their pathetic Roman lives are. It is unfortunate that Rome didn’t innovate cooler stuff, but I digress. Since Rome is incredibly boring to write about, what better way to continue this report than with politics? Politics aren’t a particularly sexy subject, but the Romans were into it, of course. The Roman political system may seem complex, but a closer look reveals that, yes, it is exactly as we feared. They usedShow MoreRelatedClaudius’s Decision to Invade Britain in AD43 as Motivated by a Desire to Emulate Julius Caesar1501 Words   |  7 PagesClaudius’s Decision to Invade Britain in AD43 as Motivated by a Desire to Emulate Julius Caesar There are many arguments as to why Claudius invaded Britain in AD43. One of his motives may have been to gain a quick military triumph, which is one argument that Suetonius wrote in his book ‘The Twelve Caesars’. He had said, â€Å"Britain was the country where a real triumph could most readily be earned†. A sentence later, he also raises a point about what is known as ‘The BericusRead MoreIn Act 3 Scene 2 of Shakespeares Play Julius Caesar, Why Does Antony Succeed and Brutus Fail to Persuade the Crowd.1399 Words   |  6 PagesI have studied Julius Caesar a play written by William Shakespeare. I focused the study on act 3 scene 2 the speeches by Brutus and Antony. I am looking at the persuasive techniques used by the two speakers and why Antonys speech won over the crowd. Julius Caesar has been an influential figure in history for 2000 years. Caesar was such a powerful, heroic leader with his death a devastating civil war ensued. Julius Caesar is so influential decisions made today in the present day idolise him likeRead MoreEssay on Biography of Julius Caesar2022 Words   |  9 Pages Biography of Julius Caesar Julius Caesar was a strong leader for the Romans who changed the course of the history of the Greco - Roman world decisively and irreversibly. With his courage and strength he created a strong empire. What happened during his early political career? How did he become such a strong dictator of the Roman Empire? What events led up to the making of the first triumvirate? How did he rise over the other two in the triumvirate and why did he choose to take over? What happenedRead MoreThe Importance of Octavius Augustus Ceasar i828 Words   |  3 PagesOctavius Augustus Ceasar is probably the most important person in the history of Rome. Octavius ruled from 27 BC to 14 AD. During his time as ruler, the Roman Empire experienced its longest time of peace. Because he knew his people, had a strong military background, knew how to solve problems, Patience, and created a new government, this is why Octavius â€Å"Augustus† Ceasar was a great leader. One reason Caesar was a good ruler was his strong military background. Despite Octavius being a sickly childRead MoreThroughout The Course Of Society, Political Leaders And1775 Words   |  8 Pagestowards mischief and suppression of not only their physical being, but also of their mental state. In William Shakespeare’s world-renowned play Julius Caesar, Shakespeare illustrates the political, power struggle between the prodigious leader of Rome, Julius Caesar, and Brutus and his conspirators. Through the University of Houston’s production of Julius Caesar, the audience gained a unique and fresh perspective of the play. From the modern clothing the cast wore, to the in the round arena the play wasRead MoreThe Effect of Caesar and Cleopatras Affair on Calpurnia2928 Words   |  12 PagesIsra Mahmood BA English Hons II – B 599 Paper IV Project The Effects of the Affair of Caesar and Cleopatra on Calpurnia ------------------------------------------------- Introduction After Hatshepsut, Cleopatra was the only Queen of Egypt who was seriously referred to as â€Å"Pharaoh†. The torrid love affair between one of the highest regarded Queens in history and that of the phenomenal Julius Caesar is considered to be one of the most romantic and grand ones in the world. Cecil B. Demille seems toRead MoreThe Most Important Resource Ever Essay1488 Words   |  6 PagesAlso, the manner in which they record history is unlike any other beings in all of the cosmos. The victor gets to dictate the narrative, often inhibiting those who are relayed the story of past endeavors from hearing the true extent of their predecessors’ actions. It is truly genius. For these reasons, my favorite empire is the Roman Empire of the Mediterranean. The story of the Empire’s establishment is a favorite of mine. The battle of Actium that lead to Caesar Augustus’(Octavian at the time) absoluteRead MoreComparision of Alexander the Great and Augustus Ceasar25 30 Words   |  10 Pagesthought of himself as the son of Greek god Zeus. Augustus was the first emperor of Rome who brought peace and stability to the Roman Empire. He was the grandson of the sister of Julius Caesar. His original name was Caius Octavius, but when he was adopted by the Julian gens (44 B.C.) he became Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian). He was named (given the title) Augustus later when he became the First Emperor or Rome by the senate. Augustus was seen as both a military leader as well as a religiousRead More Analysis of Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra Essay5083 Words   |  21 Pagesmiddle-class glove maker in Stratford-upon-Avon, England. Shakespeare attended grammar school, but his formal education proceeded no further. In 1582 he married an older woman, Anne Hathaway, and had three children with her. Around 1590 he left his family behind and traveled to London to work as an actor and playwright. Public and critical acclaim quickly followed, and Shake speare eventually became the most popular playwright in England and part-owner of the Globe Theater. His career bridged the reigns ofRead MoreMy Aspirations For This Class2672 Words   |  11 Pageswas to study and learn the history of the Romans, in particular the Roman Republic Era, but when I learnt that we were to study Greek culture and society, I was disappointed. Although the class had surprised me and intrigued me, I still was still fascinated and oblivious to Roman history. Therefore I chose Pompey, a famous general and great rival of the legendary Caesar. Other than these two statements, I had not known any background information on Pompey. My only real primary source, Plutarch, was

Comparing and Contrasting Machiavellis Ideas on Power...

Question: Two Word Count: 1000 Karl Marx and Niccolo Machiavelli are interested in two completely different forms of government. Yet both philosophers share many of the same key terms. They both understand the power and importance of deceit, and how it is gained. They also are equally opinionated when it comes to the subject of property and money. This essay will seek to explain, compare, and contrast Machiavelli’s ideas on power with Karl Marx’s ideas on Money. Marx believes that money has a misused transformative power in Bourgeois society, one which he argues, that we are currently subjected to. He claims that, â€Å"Money is the pimp between man’s need and the object, between his life and his means of life. But that which†¦show more content†¦Niccolo Machiavelli knows the importance of deceit to the ruling class too. Machiavelli says â€Å"It is not essential, then, that a Prince should have all the good qualities which I have enumerated above, but it is most essential that h e should seem to have them,† (page 46 The Prince) because â€Å"men in general judge rather by the eye than the hand.† (page 47 The Prince) To Marx, money allows this type of transformative deception; however, to Machiavelli this ability seems to be more of a character trait. Machiavelli says this can be achieved by appearing to be the â€Å"embodiment of mercy, good faith, integrity, humanity, and religion.† (page 47 The Prince) The first four characteristics, he says are the least important when compared to the last. Appearing religious is achievable by being complacent to the Catholic Church and wearing the â€Å"cloak of religion†, according to Machiavelli. This â€Å"cloak of religion† allows â€Å"pious cruelty†, and with his cloak a prince appears justified in his actions, no matter how cruel. (page 59 The Prince). Marx also knows the power of religion to quell the lower class, as the clichà © goes, â€Å"Religion is the opium of th e people.† (Lecture Notes 3/6/13) Religion keeps the poor pacified because they are living for a better afterlife. They are also willing to blindly follow

The Analysis of Short Story Mabel by William Somerset...

The story under consideration entitled Mabel was written by William Somerset Maugham. William Somerset Maugham is one of the best known English writers of the 20th century. He was not only a novelist but also one of the most successful dramatists and short-story writers. Maugham travelled widely to all parts of the world. He visited Russia, America, Africa, Asia. The technique of short-story writing always interested Maugham. De Maupassant and Chekhov influenced him but he adopted his own unique technique, which is characterized by realistic and psychological presentation of the events. The story in question â€Å"Mabel† develops the following plot. The author recalls the story of a man whose name was George whom he once met on his way to†¦show more content†¦The difficulties are shown like a sketch: â€Å"Mabel’s father died, the war came, George was sent†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Here the author uses parallel constructions accompanied by asyndeton in order to add more tempo and tension. The second structural element, complications, involves the two conflicts the story obtains. The first conflict is called man against man. Seven years later Mabel wanted to marry George and George didn’t want to marry Mabel. And the inner conflict, which George obtained is called obligation against desire. The complications are marked by the convergence of stylistic means to show the inner state of the main character. The author resorts to the semantic field of despair: â€Å"his nerve failed him†, â€Å"he felt a terrible sinking in the pit of his stomach†, George’s â€Å"knees began to wobble† and he â€Å"was seized with the courage of despair†. To underline that George was afraid to marry Mabel but it was important for the society the author uses synonyms: â€Å"then, suddenly, without warning†; juxtaposed repetition: â€Å"he couldn’t, he really couldn’t marry her†; a rhetorical question â€Å"But how could a man tell a girl a thing like that when she had been engaged to him for seven years and had come six thousand miles to marry him?†. The author employs all these stylistic means to emphasize the idea that George should be responsible for his words but he isn’t. To show that George wanted to escape the author deals with an oxymoron:

Heroes Are Not A Hero - 992 Words

Heroes are not just fictional characters with superhuman powers. Most people think that the only heroes are people that have superpowers and a cool outfit. In fact, whenever anyone pictures a hero, they don’t normally picture an unattractive person saving people. Instead, they picture a buff, handsome hero saving everyone and having adoring fans. However, this belief is incorrect because heroes are not just superhumans. Heroes take on challenges with determination and are ordinary people putting the needs of others before their own needs, even if they are not defending the popular belief. Heroes take on challenges with determination. They don’t just give up at the first sign of difficulty or hardship. Instead, they push ahead no matter what. â€Å"The rehabilitation was rigorous, and I pushed it†¦ There were many guys who had given up on life.† (Soldier Home After Losing His Leg in Afghanistan by Gale Fiege). The man in this quote had lost his leg while serving his country. As stated in the quote, many people with his condition gave up on life because it seemed too challenging to ever become better and overcome the injury. However, heroes take challenges in stride and do their best to overcome them, just as this man did his best to overcome his lost leg. Another example would be Abraham Lincoln, who died after pushing through the difficulties and hardships of war to piece the union back together. He didn’t stop because he believed the cause to be worth fighting for and overcoming,Show MoreRelatedThe Heroes Of A Hero1021 Words   |  5 Pages The Heroes of Fearless A hero can be many different types of people and have many different qualities. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines a hero as a person admired for achievements and noble qualities. Tom Hanks said â€Å"A hero is somebody who voluntarily walks into the unknown†. Heroes are strong and courageous, but they can also be quite and work behind the scenes. Eleanor Roosevelt once said â€Å"We do not have to become heroes overnight. Just a step at a time, meeting each thing that comes upRead MoreThe Heroes Of A Hero1082 Words   |  5 PagesChristopher Reeve once said, â€Å"A hero is an ordinary individual who finds the strength to persevere and endure in spite of overwhelming obstacles.† In today’s society, what describes a hero is different to each person you ask. In my opinion, there are three different heroes today. There are the heroes you read about in books and watch in movies such as The Avengers and X-Men, and there are the everyday heroes such as doctors, police, and soldiers. There are also tragic heroes. Shakespeare is famous forRead MoreThe Heroes Of A Hero1254 Words   |  6 Pagesup in the morning and decide to become a hero; but perhaps it is possible to wake up and say to yourself that you will become a terrorist or a criminal. Heroes are made of circumstances beyond their control. Those people who rush in to help victims after a fiery car crash or after something like the Boston bombings truly are heroes. Heroics that are played out after an act of violence are actions that do not allow for planning (Eagly, 2013). These heroes are usually humble and underplay their roleRead MoreThe Heroes Of A Hero2033 Words   |  9 PagesTo have a set of skills and qualities to become hero, bravery is genuinely one of the biggest traits one must have to be a hero. Heroic tales usually contains violence in the story. In most heroic novels, books, and poems that feature a main character with a hero’s complex, the source of their power is derived from their heroism undermines their ability to reason. In the books examined there is always a hero or heroine that is tasked with self-discovery, destroying evil, seeking vengeance on evilRead MoreHeroes As A Hero Essay1563 Words   |  7 Pages In many occurrences, heroes are described as big, bold, and brightly dressed people who are a normal person by day and a hero by night. However, in reality heroes are around us in our everyday lives, but we fail to see the consummations of them. From the veteran you don’t notice in the grocery store, to the moms and dads all around us who are involved in the upbringing of the current generation of kids. A hero is one who stood above all to achieve the greater good for all of mankind, and developedRead MoreHero : A Virtuous Heroes883 Words   |  4 Pagesplaywright, once said, â€Å"Heroes in drama are people who try hard to reach a virtuous ideal. And whether they succeed or fail really doesn’t matter - i t’s the trying that counts.† Sorkin states that heroes are those that attempt to reach their goal, not necessarily those that succeed. Heroes will proceed to try, no matter who or what is preventing them from reaching a goal. Sorkin is also discussing people attempting to reach a â€Å"virtuous ideal†, which is often obtained for others. A hero is one who solvesRead MoreEpic Heroes : The Ideal Hero873 Words   |  4 Pageshistory, epic heroes have defined the ideal characteristics of a society. Beowulf and Aenus are perfect examples of the ideal hero created from the mind of a creator, for the purpose of defining a society. Most epic heroes share certain character traits such as bravery, courage, determination, hubris or intelligence. It has been noted that sometimes epic heroes appear to simply be lucky or helped along by the gods and rely less on their own abilities. However, there are some heroes who are helpedRead MoreBeowulf Is The Hero Of All Heroes958 Wor ds   |  4 Pages I m writing about ancient heroes and whether or not they can be heroes at the present day time.im going to tell you about their pros as in good things about them and their cons as in bad things. I will also choose one modern day hero to come pare my ancient hero to and tell you where he from either a movie or a comic book. Beowulf is my ancient hero. I chose Beowulf because of all the qualities he has. Beowulf is the hero of all heroes’ he is strong, and courageous. He would risk hisRead MoreHomeric Heroes : The Heroic Hero1249 Words   |  5 Pagestemperance, battle is the most important aspect of Homeric Heroes. It is on a battlefield that heroes gain glory for fighting, prizes for their accomplishments, and honor for their actions. However, hero he may be, Achilles â€Å"was not to be seen in council, that arena for glory, nor in battle† (Book 1, 518-519). He was â€Å"throwing his heroism away† by not taking part in the event that made people heroes. Prior to this, Achilles was a well-recognized hero. Goddesses said â€Å"when godlike Achilles used to enterRead MoreThe Tragic Heroes Of A Tragic Hero1955 Words   |  8 Pagesreason for this is because almost all of the spectators can relate to the protagonist due to the fact that the protagonists of these tragedies are tragic heroes. These tragic heroes have qualities that render them both tragic and heroic, and they display five key characteristics according to Aristotle’s definition. The criteria of a tragic hero is that they must suffer throughout the play, have a tragic flaw, eventually recognize their tragic flaw and take responsibility for their actions, be neither

STS401 Mod 5 TD Example

Essays on STS401 Mod 5 TD Coursework Statistics in the business world I have learned numerous statistical factors which shall all be beneficial to me in life in one way or the other. I cannot say for a fact that there are some of them which I regret learning or which was a waste of my time and memory space. They are all key tools that can be applied at some place at some time.In the business world specifically, the tools that shall be most beneficial to me are measures of central tendency and spread, hypothesis testing, simple and multiple regression. These I shall apply in dealing with the facts and figures that pose a challenge in the business world every day. I shall apply the measures of central tendency to get to compare figures between months and even years; I shall use hypothesis testing to determine whether my set targets were achieved at the end of the day; I shall use simple and multiple regression to determine whether or not certain variables are related to each other or not.There are some tools which I shall not quite make use of in the business world. These are the data types, frequency tables and probability. It would not benefit me much in business to get to know whether data is a Boolean or an integer. Likewise, I would not wish to know how certain frequencies come out from the data I have in the business world. I would also not need to make use of probability in business as I would want to be sure of what I am doing and hence I would base my projections on past data analysis and not on probability analysis. ReferencesKaul, C., Tomaselli-Moschovitis, V. (1999). Statistical handbook on poverty in the developing world. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press.

Nuclear Winter Model Made by N.Moiseev free essay sample

In a world where thousands of nuclear weapons exist and more countries are trying to acquire them, where suicide terrorist strikes come without warning and thousands die each day from poverty caused by the way the international system operates, we need to know about and understand international relations. This is what makes international relations an interesting and a very important subject to study. The field of international relations is more than a list of facts and theories about international cooperation and conflict; it is a way of understanding world affairs. There are different methods of researching international relations. All of them are unique, because we study the relations between nations. One of the most popular method international relations research is modeling. In my opinion, this method has many advantages which help us to understand and to study international relations. When we make a model, we can predict the future situation in relations between different states, we can try to prevent a war, we can show nations with conflicting interests how to survive in a modern world. N. N. Moiseev is a prominent Russian scientist in the field of environmental protection as well an education. He developed the model of Nuclear Winter, which forced nuclear States to stop nuclear tests and the use of nuclear weapons in order to save the biosphere. He was a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and his aim was to protect future generations from nuclear war, which will lead to the death of all people in the world. Nikita Nikolaevich Moiseev (23 August 1917 – 29 February 2000) Academician Nikita N. Moiseev an outstanding scientist, known for his fundamental work in the field of applied mathematics. His works are devoted to the mechanics and fluid dynamics, numerical methods in optimal control theory, the theory of hierarchical systems, simulation, design automation, interdisciplinary studies of environmental problems. Nikita N. Moiseev was born August 23, 1917 in Moscow in a family of Russian intellectuals. His father Nikolai S. Moiseyev, assistant professor at Moscow University, was arrested and died in Butyrskaya in the early 30s. Mother the adopted daughter of Nikolai Karlovich von Meck (shot in 1929), whose mother has provided for its time financial support to the great Russian composer PI Tchaikovsky. Because of the origin of the path of Moiseev in science was not easy. Although he passed the entrance exams, MSU did not accept him because of noble origin, and data of the repressed father. After passing some exams externally, Moiseyev graduated yet Faculty of Mechanics, Moscow State University in 1941. In the same year he was drafted into the army and sent to study at the Air Force Academy. NE Zhukovsky. At the end of which in 1942 received an engineering degree, Moiseev was sent to the Volkhov front senior technician on aircraft maintenance. In the air units he served until 1948, when he was demobilized with the rank of captain. Since 1948 Nikita Nikolaevich has taught in the Moscow Higher Technical School im. NE Bauman at the Faculty of aircraft armament. Simultaneously, he worked at SRI-2 Ministry of Aviation Industry of the USSR, which solved the problems of calculation of dispersion and processing the results of bench testing rockets. Later, Moiseev worked at the Computing Center of USSR head of the department of computational methods in hydrodynamics and simultaneously taught at the Moscow Physical-Technical Institute. In 1955 he was appointed dean of the Faculty Aeromehanicheskogo MIPT. And after 10 years, organized in MIPT Department of Management and Applied Mathematics, and was its first dean. All this time, Nikita Nikolaevich continues to actively engage in scientific research. Academician Nikita N. Moiseev brought his calculations of nuclear winter. In 1983, the famous American astronomer Carl Sagan published a number of scenarios of a possible nuclear war, caused by a nuclear exchange with a capacity of thousands of megatons. They advanced the hypothesis of nuclear nights, which will inevitably attack after grand fires and wrapping the worlds veil of soot and the nuclear winter, which comes as the planets surface would be inaccessible to sunlight and begin to cool rapidly. The staff of Moiseev in the Computing Center of the USSR possessed a system of models, sufficient for the numerical estimates, and computer system BESM-6. The Americans then were able to analyze the possible dynamics of atmospheric changes only for the first month after a nuclear exchange, and collective EC USSR was able to give the picture a year. Made calculations fully confirmed the validity of the hypothesis C. Sagan. [1] These results have provided such an impression on the politicians that gave impetus to a process of nuclear disarmament. And Nikita Nikolaevich himself in the last years of his life engaged in the development of philosophical and methodological problems in the relationship of nature and society, emphasizing the idea of human responsibility for the fate of the planet. Nuclear winter Nuclear winter is a term that describes the climatic effects of nuclear war. In the 1980s, work conducted jointly by Western and Soviet scientists showed that for a full-scale nuclear war between the United States and the Soviet Union the climatic consequences, and indirect effects of the collapse of society, would be so severe that the ensuing nuclear winter would produce famine for billions of people far from the target zones. There are several wrong impressions that people have about nuclear winter. One is that there was a flaw in the theory and that the large climatic effects were disproven. Another is that the problem, even if it existed, has been solved by the end of the nuclear arms race. But these are both wrong. Furthermore, new nuclear states threaten global climate change even with arsenals that are much less than 1% of the current global arsenal. How Does Nuclear Winter Work? A nuclear explosion is like bringing a piece of the Sun to the Earths surface for a fraction of a second. Like a giant match, it causes cities and industrial areas to burn. Megacities have developed in India and Pakistan and other developing countries, providing tremendous amounts of fuel for potential fires. The direct effects of the nuclear weapons, blast, radioactivity, fires, and extensive pollution, would kill millions of people, but only those near the targets. However, the fires would have another effect. The massive amounts of dark smoke from the fires would be lofted into the upper troposphere, 10-15 kilometers (6-9 miles) above the Earths surface, and then absorption of sunlight would further heat the smoke, lifting it into the stratosphere, a layer where the smoke would persist for years, with no rain to wash it out. The climatic effects of smoke from fires started by nuclear war depend on the amount of smoke. Our new calculations show that for 50 nuclear weapons dropped on two countries, on the targets that would produce the maximum amount of smoke, about 5 megatons (Tg) of black smoke would be produced, accounting for the amount emitted from the fires and the amount immediately washed out in rain. As the smoke is lofted into the stratosphere, it would be transported around the world by the prevailing winds. We also did calculations for two scenarios of war between the two superpowers who still maintain large nuclear arsenals, the United States and Russia. In one scenario, 50 Tg of black smoke would be produced and in another, 150 Tg of black smoke would be produced. How many nuclear weapons would be required to produce this much smoke? It depends on the targets, but there are enough weapons in the current arsenals to produce either amount. In fact, there are only so many targets. Once they are all hit by weapons, additional weapons would not produce much more smoke at all. 2] Even after the current nuclear weapons reduction treaty between these superpowers is played out in 2012, with each having about 2,000 weapons, 150 Tg of smoke could still be produced. Analogs Support the Theory Nuclear winter is a theory based on computer model calculations. Normally, scientists test theories by doing experiments, but we never want to do this experiment in the real world. Thus we look for analogs t hat can inform us of parts of the theory. And there are many such analogs that convince us that the theory is correct: Cities burning. Unfortunately, we have several examples of cities burning, firestorms created by the intense release of energy, and smoke being pumped into the upper atmosphere. These include San Francisco as a result of the earthquake in 1906, and cities bombed in World War II, including Tokyo, Dresden, Hamburg, Darmstadt, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki. The seasonal cycle. In the winter, the climate is cooler, because the days are shorter and sunlight is less intense. Again, this helps us quantify the effects of reduction of solar radiation. The diurnal cycle. At night the Sun sets and it gets cold at the surface. If the Sun did not rise tomorrow, we already have an intuitive feel for how much cooling would take place and how fast it would cool. Volcanic eruptions. Explosive volcanic eruptions, such as those of Tambora in 1815, Krakatau in 1883 and Pinatubo in 1991, provide several lessons. The resulting sulfate aerosol cloud in the stratosphere is transported around the world by winds, thus supporting the results from the animations above. The surface temperature plummets after each large eruption, in proportion to the thickness of the stratospheric cloud. In fact 1816, following Tambora, is known as the Year Without a Summer, with global cooling and famine. Following the Pinatubo eruption, global precipitation, river flow, and soil moisture all reduced, since cooling the planet by blocking sunlight has a strong effect on reducing evaporation and weakening the hydrologic cycle. This is also what the nuclear winter simulations show. [3] Forest fires. Smoke from large forest fires sometimes is injected into the lower stratosphere. And the smoke is transported around the world, also producing cooling under the smoke. Dust storms on Mars. Occasionally, dust storms start in one region of Mars, but the dust is heated by the Sun, lofted into the upper atmosphere, and transported around the planet to completely enshroud it in a dust blanket. This process takes a couple weeks, just like our computer simulations for the nuclear winter smoke. Extinction of the dinosaurs. 65,000,000 years ago an asteroid or comet smashed into the Earth in southern Mexico. The resulting dust cloud, mixed with smoke from fires, blocked out the Sun, killing the dinosaurs, and starting the age of mammals. This Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) extinction may have been exacerbated by massive volcanism in India at the same time. This teaches us that large amounts of aerosols in Earths atmosphere have caused massive climate change and extinction of species. The difference with nuclear winter is that the K-T extinction could not have been prevented. Policy Implications The work on nuclear winter in the 1980s, and the realization that both direct and indirect effects of nuclear war would be a global catastrophe, led to the end of arms race and the end of the Cold War. In response to the comment In the 1980s, you warned about the unprecedented dangers of nuclear weapons and took very daring steps to reverse the arms race, in an interview in 2000, Mikhail Gorbachev said Models made by Russian and American scientists showed that a nuclear war would result in a nuclear winter that would be extremely destructive to all life on Earth; the knowledge of that was a great stimulus to us, to people of honor and morality, to act in that situation. [4] Since the 1980s, the number of nuclear weapons in the world has decreased to 1/3 of the peak number of more than 70,000. The consequences of regional-scale nuclear conflicts are unexpectedly large, with the potential to become global catastrophes. The combination of nuclear proliferation, political instability, and urban demographics may constitute one of the greatest dangers to the stability of society since the dawn of humans. The current and projected American and Russian nuclear arsenals can still produce nuclear winter. [5] Only nuclear disarmament will prevent the possibility of a nuclear environmental catastrophe. Summary All in all, we need to say that the model of Nuclear Winter made by N. N. Moiseev was extremily important for all people in the world. Especially, it was important for politicians who understood that they should stop arms race, otherwise the world can stop exist. According to the latest nuclear winter researches, which were published in 2007 and 2008, we can say several things about this topic. Now we know that even a minor nuclear war (such as between India and Pakistan or in the Middle East), with each country using 50 Hiroshima-sized atom bombs as airbursts on urban areas, could produce climate change unprecedented in recorded human history. This is only 0. 3% of the explosive power of the current global arsenal. This same scenario would produce global ozone depletion, because the heating of the stratosphere would enhance the chemical reactions that destroy ozone. A nuclear war between the United States and Russia today could produce nuclear winter, with temperatures plunging below freezing in the summer in major agricultural regions, threatening the fo od supply for most of the planet. The climatic effects of the smoke from burning cities and industrial areas would last for several years, much longer than we previously thought. New climate model simulations, that have the capability of including the entire atmosphere and oceans, show that the smoke would be lofted by solar heating to the upper stratosphere, where it would remain for years. The only way to eliminate the possibility of this climatic catastrophe is to eliminate the nuclear weapons. If they exist, they can be used. The spread of nuclear weapons to new emerging states threatens not only the people of those countries, but the entire planet. Rapid reduction of the American and Russian nuclear arsenals will set an example for the rest of the world that nuclear weapons cannot be used and are not needed. References 1. Aleksandrov, V. V. , and G. L. Stenchikov, 1983: On the modeling of the climatic consequences of the nuclear war, Proc. Applied Math, Computing Centre, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 21 pp. 2. Crutzen, P. J. , and J. W. Birks, 1982: The atmosphere after a nuclear war: Twilight at noon, Ambio, 11, 180 pages. 3. Harwell, M. A. and T. C. Hutchinson, Eds. , 1986: Environmental Consequences of Nuclear War, SCOPE 28. Volume II, Ecological and Agricultural Effects, John Wiley Sons, New York. 4. Mark A. Harwell Nuclear Winter: The Human and Environmental Consequences of Nuclear War Springer, 179 pages , November 1984, ISBN 0-387-96093-7 5. Mills, Michael J. , Owen B. Toon, Richard P. Turco, Douglas E. Kinnison, Rolando R. Garcia, 2008, Massive global ozone loss predicted following regional nuclear conflict, PNAS, 244 pages, doi:10. 1073/pnas. 0710058105. 6. N. N. Moiseev, Man, nature and the future of civilization: nuclear winter and the problem of a permissible threshold Novosti Press Agency Pub. House, Moscow, 92 pages, January 1986. 7. Robock, Alan, 2008: Time to bury a dangerous legacy: Part II: Climatic catastrophe would follow regional nuclear conflict. YaleGlobal Online. 8. Robock, Alan, Luke Oman, Georgiy L. Stenchikov, Owen B. Toon, Charles Bardeen, and Richard P. Turco, 2007a: Climatic consequences of regional nuclear conflicts. Atm. Chem. Phys. , 7 , 2003-2012. 9. Robock, Alan, Luke Oman, and Georgiy L. Stenchikov, 2007b: Nuclear winter revisited with a modern climate model and current nuclear arsenals: Still catastrophic consequences. J. Geophys. Res. , 112 , D13107, doi:10. 1029/2006JD008235. 10. Sagan, C. , and R. Turco, 1990: A Path Where No Man Thought Nuclear Winter and the End of the Arms Race, New York, Random House, 499 pp. ISBN: 0394583078. 11. Toon, Owen B. , Richard P. Turco, Alan Robock, Charles Bardeen, Luke Oman, and Georgiy L. Stenchikov, 2007a: Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism. Atm. Chem. Phys. , 7 , 1973-2002. 12. Turco, R. P. , Toon, A. B. , Ackerman, T. P. , Pollack, J. B. , Sagan, C. (TTAPS) (1990) Climate and Smoke: An Appraisal of Nuclear Winter, Science, volume 247, 209 pages, January. 3. Turco, R. P. , O. B. Toon, T. P. Ackerman, J. B. Pollack, and C. Sagan, 1983: Nuclear winter: Global consequences of multiple nuclear explosions, Science, 222, 1283-1292. 14. Walt, S. M: (1998), â€Å"International Relations: One World, Many Theories†, Foreign Policy, n. 110, Spring 1998, 70 pages. 15. Mikhail Gorbachev explains what’s rotten in Russia http://www. salon. com/2000/09/07 /gorbachev/ [1] N. N. Moiseev, Man, nature and the future of civilization: nuclear winter and the problem of a permissible threshold Novosti Press Agency Pub. House, Moscow, 56-58 pp. [2] Crutzen, P. J. , and J. W. Birks, 1982: The atmosphere after a nuclear war: Twilight at noon, Ambio, 11, 114-125. [3] Mark A. Harwell Nuclear Winter: The Human and Environmental Consequences of Nuclear War Springer, November 1984, pp. 95-97 [4] Mikhail Gorbachev explains what’s rotten in Russia http://www. salon. com/2000/09/07/gorbachev/ [5] Mills, Michael J. , Owen B. Toon, Richard P. Turco, Douglas E. Kinnison, Rolando R. Garcia, 2008, Massive global ozone loss predicted following regional nuclear conflict, PNAS, pp. 118-127

To What Extent Is The Conservative free essay sample

Whilst many within the Conservative party still believe themselves to be on he Right of the Political Spectrum it has become clear that under Cameramans leadership the Party has slowly but surely edged its way toward the centre of British Politics. We can see that apart from retaining a few Of the traditional Conservative principles the Party has become more liberal in its stance, this could be attributed in part to the Coalition Government but more, in my opinion, to David Cameramans personal opinions.This has left a vacuum on the far-right which has now been filled by SKIP who encompass the traditional Conservative mind-set. We can see however that not all within Cameramans Party are happy with the centralization and so a number have jumped ship to join Forages party. Parallels can be drawn be;en Cameron and his predecessor, Margaret Thatcher: Cameron is a supporter of the free market economy; has voiced his support of foreign investment; supports a competitive market which brings benefits like jobs and cheaper prices. We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Is The Conservative or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Cameron has spoken publicly about the need for the free market economy and said that they were the best imaginable force for improving human wealth and happiness. Cameron has invested huge amounts of money into the NASH, to not only make short-term improvements but ensure the future of he publicly-funded health service as an establishment that is a source of national pride. Cameron s passionate commitment to the NASH stemmed mainly from the treatment of his terminally ill son Ivan who died in 2009. This commitment has marked him out from other Tory leaders.The concept of the NASH opposes the ideals of New Right Conservatism which believes that prevarication of nationwide services such as the health service is the most beneficial path for the country. Throughout his time as the Party leader, David Cameron has repeatedly talked about the Big Society which has the idea of Noblesse Oblige at its centre. He places strong emphasis upon giving aid to those who are less fortunate which is particularly in-line with Disraeli ideas of One-Nation Conservatism.Cameramans focus on maintaining the Auks Welfare System is in direct contrast to the traditional or New Right Conservative view that giving financial/social aid to others makes the people lazy and reliant. Due to the way in which the Conservative party got into Government in 201 0, by forming a Coalition with the Liberal Democrats it could be said that David Cameron is closer to traditional Conservatism in his adhering. His pragmatic approach after the election ensured that his Party did gain power after shrewd dealing with Nick College and the Liberals.